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Currently, endpoint measurements are related to severe cell damage such as tetrazolium reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay to detect viable cells and IL-1 release as inflammatory markers 21

The L-cells in the intestinal epithelium express various nutrient-sensing receptors: Dietary fats are particularly potent GLP-1 secretagogues, activating free fatty acid receptors (such as GPR40 and GPR120) on L-cells Proteins and amino acids stimulate GLP-1 through peptide-sensing mechanisms and calcium-sensing receptors Carbohydrates trigger release via glucose transporters and sweet taste receptors expressed on enteroendocrine cells Dietary fibre , particularly soluble fibre, promotes GLP-1 secretion through fermentation products (short-chain fatty acids) produced by gut microbiota The rate and site of nutrient delivery also influences GLP-1 response

If you want the answer in U100 markings, the units number is the mL value multiplied by 100

I tried Deplin for a couple of yrs, methyl b12 shots at home

PurePRO (Nutriversum) L-carnitine ,